# Research Papers — 2025-10 · bundle page 7 of 217

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### QiNN-QJ: A Quantum-inspired Neural Network with Quantum Jump for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis

Authors: Yiwei Chen, Kehuan Yan, Yu Pan, Daoyi Dong
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI, quant-ph
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27091v1

Quantum theory provides non-classical principles, such as superposition and entanglement, that inspires promising paradigms in machine learning. However, most existing quantum-inspired fusion models rely solely on unitary or unitary-like transformations to generate quantum entanglement. While theoretically expressive, such approaches often suffer from training instability and limited generalizability. In this work, we propose a Quantum-inspired Neural Network with Quantum Jump (QiNN-QJ) for multimodal entanglement modelling. Each modality is firstly encoded as a quantum pure state, after which a differentiable module simulating the QJ operator transforms the separable product state into the entangled representation. By jointly learning Hamiltonian and Lindblad operators, QiNN-QJ generates controllable cross-modal entanglement among modalities with dissipative dynamics, where structured stochasticity and steady-state attractor properties serve to stabilize training and constrain entanglement shaping. The resulting entangled states are projected onto trainable measurement vectors to produce predictions. In addition to achieving superior performance over the state-of-the-art models on benchmark datasets, including CMU-MOSI, CMU-MOSEI, and CH-SIMS, QiNN-QJ facilitates enhanced post-hoc interpretability through von-Neumann entanglement entropy. This work establishes a principled framework for entangled multimodal fusion and paves the way for quantum-inspired approaches in modelling complex cross-modal correlations.

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### Functional embeddings enable Aggregation of multi-area SEEG recordings over subjects and sessions

Authors: Sina Javadzadeh, Rahil Soroushmojdehi, S. Alireza Seyyed Mousavi, Mehrnaz Asadi, Sumiko Abe, Terence D. Sanger
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.LG, eess.SP
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27090v1

Aggregating intracranial recordings across subjects is challenging since electrode count, placement, and covered regions vary widely. Spatial normalization methods like MNI coordinates offer a shared anatomical reference, but often fail to capture true functional similarity, particularly when localization is imprecise; even at matched anatomical coordinates, the targeted brain region and underlying neural dynamics can differ substantially between individuals. We propose a scalable representation-learning framework that (i) learns a subject-agnostic functional identity for each electrode from multi-region local field potentials using a Siamese encoder with contrastive objectives, inducing an embedding geometry that is locality-sensitive to region-specific neural signatures, and (ii) tokenizes these embeddings for a transformer that models inter-regional relationships with a variable number of channels. We evaluate this framework on a 20-subject dataset spanning basal ganglia-thalamic regions collected during flexible rest/movement recording sessions with heterogeneous electrode layouts. The learned functional space supports accurate within-subject discrimination and forms clear, region-consistent clusters; it transfers zero-shot to unseen channels. The transformer, operating on functional tokens without subject-specific heads or supervision, captures cross-region dependencies and enables reconstruction of masked channels, providing a subject-agnostic backbone for downstream decoding. Together, these results indicate a path toward large-scale, cross-subject aggregation and pretraining for intracranial neural data where strict task structure and uniform sensor placement are unavailable.

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### Hierarchical Transformers for Unsupervised 3D Shape Abstraction

Authors: Aditya Vora, Lily Goli, Andrea Tagliasacchi, Hao Zhang
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.CV
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27088v2

We introduce HiT, a novel hierarchical neural field representation for 3D shapes that learns general hierarchies in a coarse-to-fine manner across different shape categories in an unsupervised setting. Our key contribution is a hierarchical transformer (HiT), where each level learns parent-child relationships of the tree hierarchy using a compressed codebook. This codebook enables the network to automatically identify common substructures across potentially diverse shape categories. Unlike previous works that constrain the task to a fixed hierarchical structure (e.g., binary), we impose no such restriction, except for limiting the total number of nodes at each tree level. This flexibility allows our method to infer the hierarchical structure directly from data, over multiple shape categories, and representing more general and complex hierarchies than prior approaches. When trained at scale with a reconstruction loss, our model captures meaningful containment relationships between parent and child nodes. We demonstrate its effectiveness through an unsupervised shape segmentation task over all 55 ShapeNet categories, where our method successfully segments shapes into multiple levels of granularity.

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### Characterizing Selective Refusal Bias in Large Language Models

Authors: Adel Khorramrouz, Sharon Levy
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.CL, cs.CY
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27087v1

Safety guardrails in large language models(LLMs) are developed to prevent malicious users from generating toxic content at a large scale. However, these measures can inadvertently introduce or reflect new biases, as LLMs may refuse to generate harmful content targeting some demographic groups and not others. We explore this selective refusal bias in LLM guardrails through the lens of refusal rates of targeted individual and intersectional demographic groups, types of LLM responses, and length of generated refusals. Our results show evidence of selective refusal bias across gender, sexual orientation, nationality, and religion attributes. This leads us to investigate additional safety implications via an indirect attack, where we target previously refused groups. Our findings emphasize the need for more equitable and robust performance in safety guardrails across demographic groups.

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### Adapting Large Language Models to Emerging Cybersecurity using Retrieval Augmented Generation

Authors: Arnabh Borah, Md Tanvirul Alam, Nidhi Rastogi
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.CR, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27080v1

Security applications are increasingly relying on large language models (LLMs) for cyber threat detection; however, their opaque reasoning often limits trust, particularly in decisions that require domain-specific cybersecurity knowledge. Because security threats evolve rapidly, LLMs must not only recall historical incidents but also adapt to emerging vulnerabilities and attack patterns. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has demonstrated effectiveness in general LLM applications, but its potential for cybersecurity remains underexplored. In this work, we introduce a RAG-based framework designed to contextualize cybersecurity data and enhance LLM accuracy in knowledge retention and temporal reasoning. Using external datasets and the Llama-3-8B-Instruct model, we evaluate baseline RAG, an optimized hybrid retrieval approach, and conduct a comparative analysis across multiple performance metrics. Our findings highlight the promise of hybrid retrieval in strengthening the adaptability and reliability of LLMs for cybersecurity tasks.

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### Contrastive Knowledge Transfer and Robust Optimization for Secure Alignment of Large Language Models

Authors: Jiasen Zheng, Huajun Zhang, Xu Yan, Ran Hao, Chong Peng
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.CL
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27077v1

This paper addresses the limitations of large-scale language models in safety alignment and robustness by proposing a fine-tuning method that combines contrastive distillation with noise-robust training. The method freezes the backbone model and transfers the knowledge boundaries of the teacher model to the student model through distillation, thereby improving semantic consistency and alignment accuracy. At the same time, noise perturbations and robust optimization constraints are introduced during training to ensure that the model maintains stable predictive outputs under noisy and uncertain inputs. The overall framework consists of distillation loss, robustness loss, and a regularization term, forming a unified optimization objective that balances alignment ability with resistance to interference. To systematically validate its effectiveness, the study designs experiments from multiple perspectives, including distillation weight sensitivity, stability analysis under computation budgets and mixed-precision environments, and the impact of data noise and distribution shifts on model performance. Results show that the method significantly outperforms existing baselines in knowledge transfer, robustness, and overall safety, achieving the best performance across several key metrics. This work not only enriches the theoretical system of parameter-efficient fine-tuning but also provides a new solution for building safer and more trustworthy alignment mechanisms.

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### Towards Understanding Self-play for LLM Reasoning

Authors: Justin Yang Chae, Md Tanvirul Alam, Nidhi Rastogi
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.LG
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27072v1

Recent advances in large language model (LLM) reasoning, led by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), have inspired self-play post-training, where models improve by generating and solving their own problems. While self-play has shown strong in-domain and out-of-domain gains, the mechanisms behind these improvements remain poorly understood. In this work, we analyze the training dynamics of self-play through the lens of the Absolute Zero Reasoner, comparing it against RLVR and supervised fine-tuning (SFT). Our study examines parameter update sparsity, entropy dynamics of token distributions, and alternative proposer reward functions. We further connect these dynamics to reasoning performance using pass@k evaluations. Together, our findings clarify how self-play differs from other post-training strategies, highlight its inherent limitations, and point toward future directions for improving LLM math reasoning through self-play.

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### AI-boosted rare event sampling to characterize extreme weather

Authors: Amaury Lancelin, Alex Wikner, Laurent Dubus, Clément Le Priol, Dorian S. Abbot, Freddy Bouchet, Pedram Hassanzadeh, Jonathan Weare
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: physics.ao-ph, stat.CO, stat.ML
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27066v3

Weather extremes pose major societal risks, especially in a changing climate, but due to their rarity, they are difficult to study using limited observations or complex climate models. We introduce AI+RES, a framework coupling fast AI weather forecasts with a high-fidelity physics model using a rare-event algorithm to efficiently characterize extremes. This approach enables the study of the statistics and physics of very rare events, such as once per millennium heatwaves at two orders-of-magnitude lower computational cost. AI+RES can be applied broadly across climate science and other fields concerned with rare events.

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### MLPerf Automotive

Authors: Radoyeh Shojaei, Predrag Djurdjevic, Mostafa El-Khamy, James Goel, Kasper Mecklenburg, Pınar Muyan-Özçelik, John Owens, Tom St. John, Jinho Suh, Arjun Suresh
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.LG, cs.PF
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27065v2

We present MLPerf Automotive, the first standardized public performance benchmark for evaluating Machine Learning systems that are deployed for AI acceleration in automotive systems. Developed through a collaborative partnership within MLCommons, this benchmark addresses the need for standardized performance evaluation methodologies in automotive machine learning systems. Existing benchmark suites cannot be utilized for these systems since automotive workloads have unique constraints including sensor suites, safety, and real-time processing that distinguish them from the domains that previously introduced benchmarks target. Our implemented and adopted MLPerf Automotive benchmark is a framework for evaluation and methodology for benchmarking automotive systems with reproducible performance metrics. The benchmark consists of automotive perception tasks in 2D object detection, 2D semantic segmentation, 3D object detection, end-to-end driving, and an infotainment system application. We carefully curated and customized models for automotive use cases. We describe the methodology behind the benchmark design including the task selection, reference models, and submission rules. We also discuss the challenges involved in acquiring the datasets and the engineering efforts to develop the reference implementations. Our benchmark code is available at https://github.com/mlcommons/mlperf_automotive.

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### Towards a Measure of Algorithm Similarity

Authors: Shairoz Sohail, Taher Ali
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.IT, cs.SE
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27063v1

Given two algorithms for the same problem, can we determine whether they are meaningfully different? In full generality, the question is uncomputable, and empirically it is muddied by competing notions of similarity. Yet, in many applications (such as clone detection or program synthesis) a pragmatic and consistent similarity metric is necessary. We review existing equivalence and similarity notions and introduce EMOC: An Evaluation-Memory-Operations-Complexity framework that embeds algorithm implementations into a feature space suitable for downstream tasks. We compile PACD, a curated dataset of verified Python implementations across three problems, and show that EMOC features support clustering and classification of algorithm types, detection of near-duplicates, and quantification of diversity in LLM-generated programs. Code, data, and utilities for computing EMOC embeddings are released to facilitate reproducibility and future work on algorithm similarity.

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### Consistency Training Helps Stop Sycophancy and Jailbreaks

Authors: Alex Irpan, Alexander Matt Turner, Mark Kurzeja, David K. Elson, Rohin Shah
Published: 2025-10-31
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27062v1

An LLM's factuality and refusal training can be compromised by simple changes to a prompt. Models often adopt user beliefs (sycophancy) or satisfy inappropriate requests which are wrapped within special text (jailbreaking). We explore \emph{consistency training}, a self-supervised paradigm that teaches a model to be invariant to certain irrelevant cues in the prompt. Instead of teaching the model what exact response to give on a particular prompt, we aim to teach the model to behave identically across prompt data augmentations (like adding leading questions or jailbreak text). We try enforcing this invariance in two ways: over the model's external outputs (\emph{Bias-augmented Consistency Training} (BCT) from Chua et al. (2025)) and over its internal activations (\emph{Activation Consistency Training} (ACT), a method we introduce). Both methods reduce Gemini 2.5 Flash's susceptibility to irrelevant cues. Because consistency training uses responses from the model itself as training data, it avoids issues that arise from stale training data, such as degrading model capabilities or enforcing outdated response guidelines. While BCT and ACT reduce sycophancy equally well, BCT does better at jailbreak reduction. We think that BCT can simplify training pipelines by removing reliance on static datasets. We argue that some alignment problems are better viewed not in terms of optimal responses, but rather as consistency issues.

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### AI as Equalizer or Amplifier? Task Complexity as the Moderating Factor for Human Expertise in Hybrid Intelligence Systems

Authors: Tao An
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.HC, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10961v2

A growing body of empirical research suggests that generative AI narrows performance gaps between novice and expert workers on routine tasks--the so-called "equalizer" effect. This paper challenges the generality of that conclusion. Drawing on cognitive augmentation theory, expert-novice research, and structured observations of in-house generative-AI use across a small software product team, we argue that AI functions primarily as a cognitive amplifier: a system whose output quality depends fundamentally on the expertise of the human who directs it. We present a framework comprising three layers of human contribution (problem definition, quality evaluation, iterative refinement) and three levels of engagement (passive acceptance, iterative collaboration, cognitive direction), demonstrating that domain expertise--not prompt engineering skill--determines amplification effectiveness. We reconcile the equalizer and amplifier perspectives by proposing that AI equalizes performance on well-structured, routine tasks while amplifying pre-existing differences on complex tasks requiring deep judgment. This reconciliation carries direct implications for hybrid human-AI system design: rather than building AI that replaces expertise, we should build AI that rewards and develops it. We outline a research agenda for the HHAI community centered on expertise-sensitive AI design, adaptive collaboration interfaces, and longitudinal studies of human capability development in AI-augmented work.

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### Beyond Technical Debt: How AI-Assisted Development Creates Comprehension Debt in Resource-Constrained Indie Teams

Authors: Yujie Zhang
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.HC, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08942v1

Junior indie game developers in distributed, part-time teams lack production frameworks suited to their specific context, as traditional methodologies are often inaccessible. This study introduces the CIGDI (Co-Intelligence Game Development Ideation) Framework, an alternative approach for integrating AI tools to address persistent challenges of technical debt, coordination, and burnout. The framework emerged from a three-month reflective practice and autoethnographic study of a three-person distributed team developing the 2D narrative game "The Worm's Memoirs". Based on analysis of development data (N=157 Jira tasks, N=333 GitHub commits, N=13+ Miro boards, N=8 reflection sessions), CIGDI is proposed as a seven-stage iterative process structured around human-in-the-loop decision points (Priority Criteria and Timeboxing). While AI support democratized knowledge access and reduced cognitive load, our analysis identified a significant challenge: "comprehension debt." We define this as a novel form of technical debt where AI helps teams build systems more sophisticated than their independent skill level can create or maintain. This paradox (possessing functional systems the team incompletely understands) creates fragility and AI dependency, distinct from traditional code quality debt. This work contributes a practical production framework for resource-constrained teams and identifies critical questions about whether AI assistance constitutes a learning ladder or a dependency trap for developer skill.

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### Transforming Higher Education with AI-Powered Video Lectures

Authors: Dengsheng Zhang
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.HC, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20660v1

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into video lecture production has the potential to transform higher education by streamlining content creation and enhancing accessibility. This paper investigates a semi automated workflow that combines Google Gemini for script generation, Amazon Polly for voice synthesis, and Microsoft PowerPoint for video assembly. Unlike fully automated text to video platforms, this hybrid approach preserves pedagogical intent while ensuring script to slide synchronization, narrative coherence, and customization. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of Gemini in generating accurate and context-sensitive scripts for visually rich academic presentations, while Polly provides natural-sounding narration with controllable pacing. A two course pilot study was conducted to evaluate AI generated instructional videos (AIIV) against human instructional videos (HIV). Both qualitative and quantitative results indicate that AIIVs are comparable to HIVs in terms of learning outcomes, with students reporting high levels of clarity, coherence, and usability. However, limitations remain, particularly regarding audio quality and the absence of human-like avatars. The findings suggest that AI assisted video production can reduce instructor workload, improve scalability, and deliver effective learning resources, while future improvements in synthetic voices and avatars may further enhance learner engagement.

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### Denoising Refinement Diffusion Models for Simultaneous Generation of Multi-scale Mobile Network Traffic

Authors: Xiaoqian Qi, Haoye Chai, Sichang Liu, Lei Yue, Raoyuan Pan, Yue Wang, Yong Li
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.NI, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.17532v2

The planning, management, and resource scheduling of cellular mobile networks require joint estimation of mobile traffic across different layers and nodes. Mobile traffic generation can proactively anticipate user demands and capture the dynamics of network load. However, existing methods mainly focus on generating traffic at a single spatiotemporal resolution, making it difficult to jointly model multi-scale traffic patterns. In this paper, we propose ZoomDiff, a diffusion-based model for multi-scale mobile traffic generation. ZoomDiff maps urban environmental context into mobile traffic with multiple spatial and temporal resolutions through a set of customized Denoising Refinement Diffusion Models (DRDM). DRDM employs a multi-stage noise-adding and denoising mechanism, enabling different stages to generate traffic at distinct spatiotemporal resolutions. This design aligns the progressive denoising process with hierarchical network layers, including base stations, cells, and grids of varying granularities. Experiments on real-world mobile traffic datasets show that ZoomDiff achieves at least an 18.4% improvement over state-of-the-art baselines in multi-scale traffic generation tasks. Moreover, ZoomDiff demonstrates strong efficiency and cross-city generalization, highlighting its potential as a powerful generative framework for modeling multi-scale mobile network dynamics.

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### Mind the Gap: Revealing Inconsistencies Across Heterogeneous AI Accelerators

Authors: Elliott Wen, Sean Ma, Ewan Tempero, Jens Dietrich, Daniel Luo, Jiaxing Shen, Kaiqi Zhao, Bruce Sham, Yousong Song, Jiayi Hua, Jia Hong
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.DC, cs.AI, cs.LG
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11601v1

While NVIDIA remains the dominant provider of AI accelerators within cloud data center, emerging vendors such as AMD, Intel, Mac, and Huawei offer cost-effective alternatives with claims of compatibility and performance. This paper presents the first empirical study investigating divergence in machine learning model across heterogeneous AI accelerators. Utilizing an automated pipeline, we synthesize over 100,000 variant models derived from 4,000 real-world models and execute them across five different enterprise-grade accelerators. Our findings suggest that newer AI platforms from Mac and Huawei support at least 17\% fewer operators than NVIDIA. These platforms also exhibit a higher rate of output discrepancies (exceeding 5\%), which stem from differences in operator implementations, handling of exceptional numerical values, and instruction scheduling. They are also more susceptible to failures during model compilation-based acceleration, and in some cases, the compiled models produce outputs that differ noticeably from those generated using the standard execution mode. In addition, we identify 7 implementation flaws in PyTorch and 40 platform-specific issues across vendors. These results underscore the challenges of achieving consistent machine learning behavior in an increasingly diverse hardware ecosystem.

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### CausalGuard: A Smart System for Detecting and Preventing False Information in Large Language Models

Authors: Piyushkumar Patel
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.AI, cs.IR
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11600v1

While large language models have transformed how we interact with AI systems, they have a critical weakness: they confidently state false information that sounds entirely plausible. This "hallucination" problem has become a major barrier to using these models where accuracy matters most. Existing solutions either require retraining the entire model, add significant computational costs, or miss the root causes of why these hallucinations occur in the first place. We present CausalGuard, a new approach that combines causal reasoning with symbolic logic to catch and prevent hallucinations as they happen. Unlike previous methods that only check outputs after generation, our system understands the causal chain that leads to false statements and intervenes early in the process. CausalGuard works through two complementary paths: one that traces causal relationships between what the model knows and what it generates, and another that checks logical consistency using automated reasoning. Testing across twelve different benchmarks, we found that CausalGuard correctly identifies hallucinations 89.3\% of the time while missing only 8.3\% of actual hallucinations. More importantly, it reduces false claims by nearly 80\% while keeping responses natural and helpful. The system performs especially well on complex reasoning tasks where multiple steps of logic are required. Because CausalGuard shows its reasoning process, it works well in sensitive areas like medical diagnosis or financial analysis where understanding why a decision was made matters as much as the decision itself.

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### SynBullying: A Multi LLM Synthetic Conversational Dataset for Cyberbullying Detection

Authors: Arefeh Kazemi, Hamza Qadeer, Joachim Wagner, Hossein Hosseini, Sri Balaaji Natarajan Kalaivendan, Brian Davis
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.CY
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11599v3

We introduce SynBullying, a synthetic multi-LLM conversational dataset for studying and detecting cyberbullying (CB). SynBullying provides a scalable and ethically safe alternative to human data collection by leveraging large language models (LLMs) to simulate realistic bullying interactions. The dataset offers (i) conversational structure, capturing multi-turn exchanges rather than isolated posts; (ii) context-aware annotations, where harmfulness is assessed within the conversational flow considering context, intent, and discourse dynamics; and (iii) fine-grained labeling, covering various CB categories for detailed linguistic and behavioral analysis. We evaluate SynBullying across five dimensions, including conversational structure, lexical patterns, sentiment/toxicity, role dynamics, harm intensity, and CB-type distribution. We further examine its utility by testing its performance as standalone training data and as an augmentation source for CB classification.

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### Chopping Trees: Semantic Similarity Based Dynamic Pruning for Tree-of-Thought Reasoning

Authors: Joongho Kim, Xirui Huang, Zarreen Reza, Gabriel Grand
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CL, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08595v2

Tree-of-Thought (ToT) reasoning boosts the problem-solving abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) but is computationally expensive due to semantic redundancy, where distinct branches explore equivalent reasoning paths. We introduce Semantic Similarity-Based Dynamic Pruning (SSDP), a lightweight method that, to the best of our knowledge, is the first framework to integrate online semantic merging into parallelized tree search, enabling the clustering and pruning of redundant steps in real time. Across reasoning benchmarks, including GSM8K and MATH500, SSDP achieves up to a 2.3x speedup over state-of-the-art tree-search baselines while maintaining competitive accuracy (typically within 5% of the strongest baseline) and reducing the number of explored nodes by 85-90%, demonstrating a practical approach to efficient, scalable LLM reasoning. The implementation of SSDP is publicly available at https://github.com/kimjoonghokim/SSDP.

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### RL-Exec: Impact-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Opportunistic Optimal Liquidation, Outperforms TWAP and a Book-Liquidity VWAP on BTC-USD Replays

Authors: Enzo Duflot, Stanislas Robineau
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: q-fin.ST, cs.LG, q-fin.TR
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.07434v1

We study opportunistic optimal liquidation over fixed deadlines on BTC-USD limit-order books (LOB). We present RL-Exec, a PPO agent trained on historical replays augmented with endogenous transient impact (resilience), partial fills, maker/taker fees, and latency. The policy observes depth-20 LOB features plus microstructure indicators and acts under a sell-only inventory constraint to reach a residual target. Evaluation follows a strict time split (train: Jan-2020; test: Feb-2020) and a per-day protocol: for each test day we run ten independent start times and aggregate to a single daily score, avoiding pseudo-replication. We compare the agent to (i) TWAP and (ii) a VWAP-like baseline allocating using opposite-side order-book liquidity (top-20 levels), both executed on identical timestamps and costs. Statistical inference uses one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank tests on daily RL-baseline differences with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction and bootstrap confidence intervals. On the Feb-2020 test set, RL-Exec significantly outperforms both baselines and the gap increases with the execution horizon (+2-3 bps at 30 min, +7-8 bps at 60 min, +23 bps at 120 min). Code: github.com/Giafferri/RL-Exec

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### Benchmarking Simulacra AI's Quantum Accurate Synthetic Data Generation for Chemical Sciences

Authors: Fabio Falcioni, Elena Orlova, Timothy Heightman, Philip Mantrov, Aleksei Ustimenko
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: physics.chem-ph, cs.AI, physics.comp-ph
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.07433v1

In this work, we benchmark \simulacra's synthetic data generation pipeline against a state-of-the-art Microsoft pipeline on a dataset of small to large systems. By analyzing the energy quality, autocorrelation times, and effective sample size, our findings show that Simulacra's Large Wavefunction Models (LWM) pipeline, paired with state-of-the-art Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) sampling algorithms, reduces data generation costs by 15-50x, while maintaining parity in energy accuracy, and 2-3x compared to traditional CCSD methods on the scale of amino acids. This enables the creation of affordable, large-scale \textit{ab-initio} datasets, accelerating AI-driven optimization and discovery in the pharmaceutical industry and beyond. Our improvements are based on a novel and proprietary sampling scheme called Replica Exchange with Langevin Adaptive eXploration (RELAX).

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### Knowledge-Guided Textual Reasoning for Explainable Video Anomaly Detection via LLMs

Authors: Hari Lee
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.07429v1

We introduce Text-based Explainable Video Anomaly Detection (TbVAD), a language-driven framework for weakly supervised video anomaly detection that performs anomaly detection and explanation entirely within the textual domain. Unlike conventional WSVAD models that rely on explicit visual features, TbVAD represents video semantics through language, enabling interpretable and knowledge-grounded reasoning. The framework operates in three stages: (1) transforming video content into fine-grained captions using a vision-language model, (2) constructing structured knowledge by organizing the captions into four semantic slots (action, object, context, environment), and (3) generating slot-wise explanations that reveal which semantic factors contribute most to the anomaly decision. We evaluate TbVAD on two public benchmarks, UCF-Crime and XD-Violence, demonstrating that textual knowledge reasoning provides interpretable and reliable anomaly detection for real-world surveillance scenarios.

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### Temporal Sparse Autoencoders: Leveraging the Sequential Nature of Language for Interpretability

Authors: Usha Bhalla, Alex Oesterling, Claudio Mayrink Verdun, Himabindu Lakkaraju, Flavio P. Calmon
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.LG
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05541v2

Translating the internal representations and computations of models into concepts that humans can understand is a key goal of interpretability. While recent dictionary learning methods such as Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) provide a promising route to discover human-interpretable features, they often only recover token-specific, noisy, or highly local concepts. We argue that this limitation stems from neglecting the temporal structure of language, where semantic content typically evolves smoothly over sequences. Building on this insight, we introduce Temporal Sparse Autoencoders (T-SAEs), which incorporate a novel contrastive loss encouraging consistent activations of high-level features over adjacent tokens. This simple yet powerful modification enables SAEs to disentangle semantic from syntactic features in a self-supervised manner. Across multiple datasets and models, T-SAEs recover smoother, more coherent semantic concepts without sacrificing reconstruction quality. Strikingly, they exhibit clear semantic structure despite being trained without explicit semantic signal, offering a new pathway for unsupervised interpretability in language models.

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### Constructing the Umwelt: Cognitive Planning through Belief-Intent Co-Evolution

Authors: Shiyao Sang
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.RO, cs.AI, cs.CV, cs.LG, cs.NE
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05540v3

This paper challenges a prevailing epistemological assumption in End-to-End Autonomous Driving: that high-performance planning necessitates high-fidelity world reconstruction. Inspired by cognitive science, we propose the Mental Bayesian Causal World Model (MBCWM) and instantiate it as the Tokenized Intent World Model (TIWM), a novel cognitive computing architecture. Its core philosophy posits that intelligence emerges not from pixel-level objective fidelity, but from the Cognitive Consistency between the agent's internal intentional world and physical reality. By synthesizing von Uexküll's $\textit{Umwelt}$ theory, the neural assembly hypothesis, and the triple causal model (integrating symbolic deduction, probabilistic induction, and force dynamics) into an end-to-end embodied planning system, we demonstrate the feasibility of this paradigm on the nuPlan benchmark. Experimental results in open-loop validation confirm that our Belief-Intent Co-Evolution mechanism effectively enhances planning performance. Crucially, in closed-loop simulations, the system exhibits emergent human-like cognitive behaviors, including map affordance understanding, free exploration, and self-recovery strategies. We identify Cognitive Consistency as the core learning mechanism: during long-term training, belief (state understanding) and intent (future prediction) spontaneously form a self-organizing equilibrium through implicit computational replay, achieving semantic alignment between internal representations and physical world affordances. TIWM offers a neuro-symbolic, cognition-first alternative to reconstruction-based planners, establishing a new direction: planning as active understanding, not passive reaction.

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### Reasoning Up the Instruction Ladder for Controllable Language Models

Authors: Zishuo Zheng, Vidhisha Balachandran, Chan Young Park, Faeze Brahman, Sachin Kumar
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CL, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.04694v5

As large language model (LLM) based systems take on high-stakes roles in real-world decision-making, they must reconcile competing instructions from multiple sources within a single prompt context. Enforcing an instruction hierarchy, where higher-level directives override lower-priority requests, is critical to the reliability and control of LLMs. In this work, we reframe instruction hierarchy resolution as a reasoning task. The model must first "think" about the relationship between a given user prompt and higher-priority instructions before generating a response. To enable this capability, we construct VerIH, a training dataset of constraint-following tasks with verifiable answers, comprising aligned and conflicting system-user instructions. We show that lightweight reinforcement learning with VerIH effectively transfers general reasoning capabilities of models to instruction prioritization. Our method leads to consistent improvements across multiple model families on both instruction following and instruction hierarchy benchmarks, achieving ~20% absolute improvement in conflict setups. Our method also leads to improved alignment to safety-critical scenarios beyond the training distribution, exhibiting increased robustness against jailbreak and prompt injection, reducing absolute attack success rates by up to 20%. Our results establish reasoning over instruction hierarchies as a practical mechanism for improving AI reliability, where targeted updates to system prompts produce predictable, controllable, and robust changes in model behavior.

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### A convolutional neural network deep learning method for model class selection

Authors: Marios Impraimakis
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: eess.SY, cs.AI, cs.CV, cs.LG, eess.SP
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.03743v1

The response-only model class selection capability of a novel deep convolutional neural network method is examined herein in a simple, yet effective, manner. Specifically, the responses from a unique degree of freedom along with their class information train and validate a one-dimensional convolutional neural network. In doing so, the network selects the model class of new and unlabeled signals without the need of the system input information, or full system identification. An optional physics-based algorithm enhancement is also examined using the Kalman filter to fuse the system response signals using the kinematics constraints of the acceleration and displacement data. Importantly, the method is shown to select the model class in slight signal variations attributed to the damping behavior or hysteresis behavior on both linear and nonlinear dynamic systems, as well as on a 3D building finite element model, providing a powerful tool for structural health monitoring applications.

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### StrengthSense: A Dataset of IMU Signals Capturing Everyday Strength-Demanding Activities

Authors: Zeyu Yang, Clayton Souza Leite, Yu Xiao
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.02027v1

Tracking strength-demanding activities with wearable sensors like IMUs is crucial for monitoring muscular strength, endurance, and power. However, there is a lack of comprehensive datasets capturing these activities. To fill this gap, we introduce \textit{StrengthSense}, an open dataset that encompasses IMU signals capturing 11 strength-demanding activities, such as sit-to-stand, climbing stairs, and mopping. For comparative purposes, the dataset also includes 2 non-strength demanding activities. The dataset was collected from 29 healthy subjects utilizing 10 IMUs placed on limbs and the torso, and was annotated using video recordings as references. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the data collection, pre-processing, and technical validation. We conducted a comparative analysis between the joint angles estimated by IMUs and those directly extracted from video to verify the accuracy and reliability of the sensor data. Researchers and developers can utilize \textit{StrengthSense} to advance the development of human activity recognition algorithms, create fitness and health monitoring applications, and more.

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### MeixnerNet: Adaptive and Robust Spectral Graph Neural Networks with Discrete Orthogonal Polynomials

Authors: Huseyin Goksu
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.LG, eess.SP
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00113v1

Spectral Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results by defining graph convolutions in the spectral domain. A common approach, popularized by ChebyNet, is to use polynomial filters based on continuous orthogonal polynomials (e.g., Chebyshev). This creates a theoretical disconnect, as these continuous-domain filters are applied to inherently discrete graph structures. We hypothesize this mismatch can lead to suboptimal performance and fragility to hyperparameter settings. In this paper, we introduce MeixnerNet, a novel spectral GNN architecture that employs discrete orthogonal polynomials -- specifically, the Meixner polynomials $M_k(x; β, c)$. Our model makes the two key shape parameters of the polynomial, beta and c, learnable, allowing the filter to adapt its polynomial basis to the specific spectral properties of a given graph. We overcome the significant numerical instability of these polynomials by introducing a novel stabilization technique that combines Laplacian scaling with per-basis LayerNorm. We demonstrate experimentally that MeixnerNet achieves competitive-to-superior performance against the strong ChebyNet baseline at the optimal K = 2 setting (winning on 2 out of 3 benchmarks). More critically, we show that MeixnerNet is exceptionally robust to variations in the polynomial degree K, a hyperparameter to which ChebyNet proves to be highly fragile, collapsing in performance where MeixnerNet remains stable.

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### Real-DRL: Teach and Learn in Reality

Authors: Yanbing Mao, Yihao Cai, Lui Sha
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.RO, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00112v1

This paper introduces the Real-DRL framework for safety-critical autonomous systems, enabling runtime learning of a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent to develop safe and high-performance action policies in real plants (i.e., real physical systems to be controlled), while prioritizing safety! The Real-DRL consists of three interactive components: a DRL-Student, a PHY-Teacher, and a Trigger. The DRL-Student is a DRL agent that innovates in the dual self-learning and teaching-to-learn paradigm and the real-time safety-informed batch sampling. On the other hand, PHY-Teacher is a physics-model-based design of action policies that focuses solely on safety-critical functions. PHY-Teacher is novel in its real-time patch for two key missions: i) fostering the teaching-to-learn paradigm for DRL-Student and ii) backing up the safety of real plants. The Trigger manages the interaction between the DRL-Student and the PHY-Teacher. Powered by the three interactive components, the Real-DRL can effectively address safety challenges that arise from the unknown unknowns and the Sim2Real gap. Additionally, Real-DRL notably features i) assured safety, ii) automatic hierarchy learning (i.e., safety-first learning and then high-performance learning), and iii) safety-informed batch sampling to address the learning experience imbalance caused by corner cases. Experiments with a real quadruped robot, a quadruped robot in NVIDIA Isaac Gym, and a cart-pole system, along with comparisons and ablation studies, demonstrate the Real-DRL's effectiveness and unique features.

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### Chain of Time: In-Context Physical Simulation with Image Generation Models

Authors: YingQiao Wang, Eric Bigelow, Boyi Li, Tomer Ullman
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00110v2

We propose a novel cognitively-inspired prompting method to stabilize and interpret the physical simulation produced by autoregressive image generation models, called Chain-of-Time. Chain-of-Time involves generating a series of intermediate images during a simulation, and it is motivated by mental simulation in humans, as well as in-context reasoning in LLMs. Chain-of-Time is used at inference time, and requires no additional fine-tuning. We apply this method to synthetic and real-world domains, including 2-D graphics simulations and natural 3-D videos. These domains cover various physical dynamics, ranging from rigid-body rolling to harmonic oscillation and pulley systems. We found that Chain-of-Time simulation stabilizes the physics simulated by the state-of-the-art image generation models. Beyond examining performance, we also analyzed the specific states of the world simulated by an image model at each time step, which sheds light on the dynamics underlying these simulations. This analysis reveals insights that are hidden from traditional evaluations of physical reasoning, highlighting cases where image generation models can simulate physical properties such as velocity, gravity, oscillations, and pulley systems. Like humans, image generation models are able to accurately predict future world states over short time periods. By providing a mechanism analogous to working memory, Chain-of-Time enables a model to stitch together a series of short-term predictions into an accurate long-term simulation.

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### Pelican-VL 1.0: A Foundation Brain Model for Embodied Intelligence

Authors: Yi Zhang, Che Liu, Xiancong Ren, Hanchu Ni, Shuai Zhang, Zeyuan Ding, Jiayu Hu, Hanzhe Shan, Zhenwei Niu, Zhaoyang Liu, Shuang Liu, Yue Zhao et al.
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.RO
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00108v2

This report presents Pelican-VL 1.0, a new family of open-source embodied brain models with parameter scales ranging from 7 billion to 72 billion. Our explicit mission is clearly stated as: To embed powerful intelligence into various embodiments. Pelican-VL 1.0 is currently the largest-scale open-source embodied multimodal brain model. Its core advantage lies in the in-depth integration of data power and intelligent adaptive learning mechanisms. Specifically, metaloop distilled a high-quality dataset from a raw dataset containing 4+ billion tokens. Pelican-VL 1.0 is trained on a large-scale cluster of 1000+ A800 GPUs, consuming over 50k+ A800 GPU-hours per checkpoint. This translates to a 20.3% performance uplift from its base model and outperforms 100B-level open-source counterparts by 10.6%, placing it on par with leading proprietary systems on well-known embodied benchmarks. We establish a novel framework, DPPO (Deliberate Practice Policy Optimization), inspired by human metacognition to train Pelican-VL 1.0. We operationalize this as a metaloop that teaches the AI to practice deliberately, which is a RL-Refine-Diagnose-SFT loop.

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### AI Powered High Quality Text to Video Generation with Enhanced Temporal Consistency

Authors: Piyushkumar Patel
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.AI, cs.IR
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00107v1

Text to video generation has emerged as a critical frontier in generative artificial intelligence, yet existing approaches struggle with maintaining temporal consistency, compositional understanding, and fine grained control over visual narratives. We present MOVAI (Multimodal Original Video AI), a novel hierarchical framework that integrates compositional scene understanding with temporal aware diffusion models for high fidelity text to video synthesis. Our approach introduces three key innovations: (1) a Compositional Scene Parser (CSP) that decomposes textual descriptions into hierarchical scene graphs with temporal annotations, (2) a Temporal-Spatial Attention Mechanism (TSAM) that ensures coherent motion dynamics across frames while preserving spatial details, and (3) a Progressive Video Refinement (PVR) module that iteratively enhances video quality through multi-scale temporal reasoning. Extensive experiments on standard benchmarks demonstrate that MOVAI achieves state-of-the-art performance, improving video quality metrics by 15.3% in LPIPS, 12.7% in FVD, and 18.9% in user preference studies compared to existing methods. Our framework shows particular strength in generating complex multi-object scenes with realistic temporal dynamics and fine-grained semantic control.

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### Wayfinding through the AI wilderness: Mapping rhetorics of ChatGPT prompt writing on X (formerly Twitter) to promote critical AI literacies

Authors: Anuj Gupta, Ann Shivers-McNair
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CY, cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.HC
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00106v1

In this paper, we demonstrate how studying the rhetorics of ChatGPT prompt writing on social media can promote critical AI literacies. Prompt writing is the process of writing instructions for generative AI tools like ChatGPT to elicit desired outputs and there has been an upsurge of conversations about it on social media. To study this rhetorical activity, we build on four overlapping traditions of digital writing research in computers and composition that inform how we frame literacies, how we study social media rhetorics, how we engage iteratively and reflexively with methodologies and technologies, and how we blend computational methods with qualitative methods. Drawing on these four traditions, our paper shows our iterative research process through which we gathered and analyzed a dataset of 32,000 posts (formerly known as tweets) from X (formerly Twitter) about prompt writing posted between November 2022 to May 2023. We present five themes about these emerging AI literacy practices: (1) areas of communication impacted by prompt writing, (2) micro-literacy resources shared for prompt writing, (3) market rhetoric shaping prompt writing, (4) rhetorical characteristics of prompts, and (5) definitions of prompt writing. In discussing these themes and our methodologies, we highlight takeaways for digital writing teachers and researchers who are teaching and analyzing critical AI literacies.

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### Artificial Intelligence in Elementary STEM Education: A Systematic Review of Current Applications and Future Challenges

Authors: Majid Memari, Krista Ruggles
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CY, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00105v2

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming elementary STEM education, yet evidence remains fragmented. This systematic review synthesizes 258 studies (2020-2025) examining AI applications across eight categories: intelligent tutoring systems (45% of studies), learning analytics (18%), automated assessment (12%), computer vision (8%), educational robotics (7%), multimodal sensing (6%), AI-enhanced extended reality (XR) (4%), and adaptive content generation. The analysis shows that most studies focus on upper elementary grades (65%) and mathematics (38%), with limited cross-disciplinary STEM integration (15%). While conversational AI demonstrates moderate effectiveness (d = 0.45-0.70 where reported), only 34% of studies include standardized effect sizes. Eight major gaps limit real-world impact: fragmented ecosystems, developmental inappropriateness, infrastructure barriers, lack of privacy frameworks, weak STEM integration, equity disparities, teacher marginalization, and narrow assessment scopes. Geographic distribution is also uneven, with 90% of studies originating from North America, East Asia, and Europe. Future directions call for interoperable architectures that support authentic STEM integration, grade-appropriate design, privacy-preserving analytics, and teacher-centered implementations that enhance rather than replace human expertise.

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### FreeSliders: Training-Free, Modality-Agnostic Concept Sliders for Fine-Grained Diffusion Control in Images, Audio, and Video

Authors: Rotem Ezra, Hedi Zisling, Nimrod Berman, Ilan Naiman, Alexey Gorkor, Liran Nochumsohn, Eliya Nachmani, Omri Azencot
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00103v1

Diffusion models have become state-of-the-art generative models for images, audio, and video, yet enabling fine-grained controllable generation, i.e., continuously steering specific concepts without disturbing unrelated content, remains challenging. Concept Sliders (CS) offer a promising direction by discovering semantic directions through textual contrasts, but they require per-concept training and architecture-specific fine-tuning (e.g., LoRA), limiting scalability to new modalities. In this work we introduce FreeSliders, a simple yet effective approach that is fully training-free and modality-agnostic, achieved by partially estimating the CS formula during inference. To support modality-agnostic evaluation, we extend the CS benchmark to include both video and audio, establishing the first suite for fine-grained concept generation control with multiple modalities. We further propose three evaluation properties along with new metrics to improve evaluation quality. Finally, we identify an open problem of scale selection and non-linear traversals and introduce a two-stage procedure that automatically detects saturation points and reparameterizes traversal for perceptually uniform, semantically meaningful edits. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method enables plug-and-play, training-free concept control across modalities, improves over existing baselines, and establishes new tools for principled controllable generation. An interactive presentation of our benchmark and method is available at: https://azencot-group.github.io/FreeSliders/

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### Automated Discovery of Conservation Laws via Hybrid Neural ODE-Transformers

Authors: Vivan Doshi
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00102v1

The discovery of conservation laws is a cornerstone of scientific progress. However, identifying these invariants from observational data remains a significant challenge. We propose a hybrid framework to automate the discovery of conserved quantities from noisy trajectory data. Our approach integrates three components: (1) a Neural Ordinary Differential Equation (Neural ODE) that learns a continuous model of the system's dynamics, (2) a Transformer that generates symbolic candidate invariants conditioned on the learned vector field, and (3) a symbolic-numeric verifier that provides a strong numerical certificate for the validity of these candidates. We test our framework on canonical physical systems and show that it significantly outperforms baselines that operate directly on trajectory data. This work demonstrates the robustness of a decoupled learn-then-search approach for discovering mathematical principles from imperfect data.

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### Loquetier: A Virtualized Multi-LoRA Framework for Unified LLM Fine-tuning and Serving

Authors: Yuchen Zhang, Hanyue Du, Chun Cao, Jingwei Xu
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00101v1

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has become a widely adopted parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) technique for adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. While prior work has explored strategies for integrating LLM training and serving, there still remains a gap in unifying fine-tuning and inference for LoRA-based models. We present Loquetier, a virtualized multi-LoRA framework that seamlessly integrates LoRA fine-tuning and serving within a single runtime. Loquetier introduces two key components: (1) a Virtualized Module that isolates PEFT-based modifications and supports multiple adapters on a shared base model, and (2) an optimized computation flow with a kernel design that merges fine-tuning and inference paths in forward propagation, enabling efficient batching and minimizing kernel invocation overhead. Extensive experiments across three task settings show that Loquetier consistently outperforms existing baselines in both performance and flexibility, achieving up to $3.0\times$ the throughput of the state-of-the-art co-serving system on inference-only tasks and $46.4\times$ higher SLO attainment than PEFT on unified fine-tuning and inference tasks. The implementation of Loquetier is publicly available at https://github.com/NJUDeepEngine/Loquetier.

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### Deep recurrent-convolutional neural network learning and physics Kalman filtering comparison in dynamic load identification

Authors: Marios Impraimakis
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.LG, cs.CV, eess.SP, eess.SY, stat.AP
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00100v1

The dynamic structural load identification capabilities of the gated recurrent unit, long short-term memory, and convolutional neural networks are examined herein. The examination is on realistic small dataset training conditions and on a comparative view to the physics-based residual Kalman filter (RKF). The dynamic load identification suffers from the uncertainty related to obtaining poor predictions when in civil engineering applications only a low number of tests are performed or are available, or when the structural model is unidentifiable. In considering the methods, first, a simulated structure is investigated under a shaker excitation at the top floor. Second, a building in California is investigated under seismic base excitation, which results in loading for all degrees of freedom. Finally, the International Association for Structural Control-American Society of Civil Engineers (IASC-ASCE) structural health monitoring benchmark problem is examined for impact and instant loading conditions. Importantly, the methods are shown to outperform each other on different loading scenarios, while the RKF is shown to outperform the networks in physically parametrized identifiable cases.

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### A generative adversarial network optimization method for damage detection and digital twinning by deep AI fault learning: Z24 Bridge structural health monitoring benchmark validation

Authors: Marios Impraimakis, Evangelia Nektaria Palkanoglou
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI, cs.CV, eess.SP, eess.SY
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00099v1

The optimization-based damage detection and damage state digital twinning capabilities are examined here of a novel conditional-labeled generative adversarial network methodology. The framework outperforms current approaches for fault anomaly detection as no prior information is required for the health state of the system: a topic of high significance for real-world applications. Specifically, current artificial intelligence-based digital twinning approaches suffer from the uncertainty related to obtaining poor predictions when a low number of measurements is available, physics knowledge is missing, or when the damage state is unknown. To this end, an unsupervised framework is examined and validated rigorously on the benchmark structural health monitoring measurements of Z24 Bridge: a post-tensioned concrete highway bridge in Switzerland. In implementing the approach, firstly, different same damage-level measurements are used as inputs, while the model is forced to converge conditionally to two different damage states. Secondly, the process is repeated for a different group of measurements. Finally, the convergence scores are compared to identify which one belongs to a different damage state. The process for both healthy-to-healthy and damage-to-healthy input data creates, simultaneously, measurements for digital twinning purposes at different damage states, capable of pattern recognition and machine learning data generation. Further to this process, a support vector machine classifier and a principal component analysis procedure is developed to assess the generated and real measurements of each damage category, serving as a secondary new dynamics learning indicator in damage scenarios. Importantly, the approach is shown to capture accurately damage over healthy measurements, providing a powerful tool for vibration-based system-level monitoring and scalable infrastructure resilience.

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### A filtering scheme for confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE)-video sequences for self-supervised learning

Authors: Nils Porsche, Flurin Müller-Diesing, Sweta Banerjee, Miguel Goncalves, Marc Aubreville
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.AI, cs.LG
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00098v2

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a non-invasive, real-time imaging modality that can be used for in-situ, in-vivo imaging and the microstructural analysis of mucous structures. The diagnosis using CLE is, however, complicated by images being hard to interpret for non-experienced physicians. Utilizing machine learning as an augmentative tool would hence be beneficial, but is complicated by the shortage of histopathology-correlated CLE imaging sequences with respect to the plurality of patterns in this domain, leading to overfitting of machine learning models. To overcome this, self-supervised learning (SSL) can be employed on larger unlabeled datasets. CLE is a video-based modality with high inter-frame correlation, leading to a non-stratified data distribution for SSL training. In this work, we propose a filter functionality on CLE video sequences to reduce the dataset redundancy in SSL training and improve SSL training convergence and training efficiency. We use four state-of-the-art baseline networks and a SSL teacher-student network with a vision transformer small backbone for the evaluation. These networks were evaluated on downstream tasks for a sinonasal tumor dataset and a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin dataset. On both datasets, we found the highest test accuracy on the filtered SSL-pretrained model, with 67.48% and 73.52%, both considerably outperforming their non-SSL baselines. Our results show that SSL is an effective method for CLE pretraining. Further, we show that our proposed CLE video filter can be utilized to improve training efficiency in self-supervised scenarios, resulting in a reduction of 67% in training time.

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### GraphKeeper: Graph Domain-Incremental Learning via Knowledge Disentanglement and Preservation

Authors: Zihao Guo, Qingyun Sun, Ziwei Zhang, Haonan Yuan, Huiping Zhuang, Xingcheng Fu, Jianxin Li
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.LG, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00097v2

Graph incremental learning (GIL), which continuously updates graph models by sequential knowledge acquisition, has garnered significant interest recently. However, existing GIL approaches focus on task-incremental and class-incremental scenarios within a single domain. Graph domain-incremental learning (Domain-IL), aiming at updating models across multiple graph domains, has become critical with the development of graph foundation models (GFMs), but remains unexplored in the literature. In this paper, we propose Graph Domain-Incremental Learning via Knowledge Dientanglement and Preservation (GraphKeeper), to address catastrophic forgetting in Domain-IL scenario from the perspectives of embedding shifts and decision boundary deviations. Specifically, to prevent embedding shifts and confusion across incremental graph domains, we first propose the domain-specific parameter-efficient fine-tuning together with intra- and inter-domain disentanglement objectives. Consequently, to maintain a stable decision boundary, we introduce deviation-free knowledge preservation to continuously fit incremental domains. Additionally, for graphs with unobservable domains, we perform domain-aware distribution discrimination to obtain precise embeddings. Extensive experiments demonstrate the proposed GraphKeeper achieves state-of-the-art results with 6.5%~16.6% improvement over the runner-up with negligible forgetting. Moreover, we show GraphKeeper can be seamlessly integrated with various representative GFMs, highlighting its broad applicative potential.

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### Urban-MAS: Human-Centered Urban Prediction with LLM-Based Multi-Agent System

Authors: Shangyu Lou
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.MA, cs.AI, cs.CY
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00096v1

Urban Artificial Intelligence (Urban AI) has advanced human-centered urban tasks such as perception prediction and human dynamics. Large Language Models (LLMs) can integrate multimodal inputs to address heterogeneous data in complex urban systems but often underperform on domain-specific tasks. Urban-MAS, an LLM-based Multi-Agent System (MAS) framework, is introduced for human-centered urban prediction under zero-shot settings. It includes three agent types: Predictive Factor Guidance Agents, which prioritize key predictive factors to guide knowledge extraction and enhance the effectiveness of compressed urban knowledge in LLMs; Reliable UrbanInfo Extraction Agents, which improve robustness by comparing multiple outputs, validating consistency, and re-extracting when conflicts occur; and Multi-UrbanInfo Inference Agents, which integrate extracted multi-source information across dimensions for prediction. Experiments on running-amount prediction and urban perception across Tokyo, Milan, and Seattle demonstrate that Urban-MAS substantially reduces errors compared to single-LLM baselines. Ablation studies indicate that Predictive Factor Guidance Agents are most critical for enhancing predictive performance, positioning Urban-MAS as a scalable paradigm for human-centered urban AI prediction. Code is available on the project website:https://github.com/THETUREHOOHA/UrbanMAS

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### SpinalSAM-R1: A Vision-Language Multimodal Interactive System for Spine CT Segmentation

Authors: Jiaming Liu, Dingwei Fan, Junyong Zhao, Chunlin Li, Haipeng Si, Liang Sun
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00095v1

The anatomical structure segmentation of the spine and adjacent structures from computed tomography (CT) images is a key step for spinal disease diagnosis and treatment. However, the segmentation of CT images is impeded by low contrast and complex vertebral boundaries. Although advanced models such as the Segment Anything Model (SAM) have shown promise in various segmentation tasks, their performance in spinal CT imaging is limited by high annotation requirements and poor domain adaptability. To address these limitations, we propose SpinalSAM-R1, a multimodal vision-language interactive system that integrates a fine-tuned SAM with DeepSeek-R1, for spine CT image segmentation. Specifically, our SpinalSAM-R1 introduces an anatomy-guided attention mechanism to improve spine segmentation performance, and a semantics-driven interaction protocol powered by DeepSeek-R1, enabling natural language-guided refinement. The SpinalSAM-R1 is fine-tuned using Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) for efficient adaptation. We validate our SpinalSAM-R1 on the spine anatomical structure with CT images. Experimental results suggest that our method achieves superior segmentation performance. Meanwhile, we develop a PyQt5-based interactive software, which supports point, box, and text-based prompts. The system supports 11 clinical operations with 94.3\% parsing accuracy and sub-800 ms response times. The software is released on https://github.com/6jm233333/spinalsam-r1.

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### Digital Twin based Automatic Reconfiguration of Robotic Systems in Smart Environments

Authors: Angelos Alexopoulos, Agorakis Bompotas, Nikitas Rigas Kalogeropoulos, Panagiotis Kechagias, Athanasios P. Kalogeras, Christos Alexakos
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.RO, cs.AI, eess.SY
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00094v2

Robotic systems have become integral to smart environments, enabling applications ranging from urban surveillance and automated agriculture to industrial automation. However, their effective operation in dynamic settings - such as smart cities and precision farming - is challenged by continuously evolving topographies and environmental conditions. Traditional control systems often struggle to adapt quickly, leading to inefficiencies or operational failures. To address this limitation, we propose a novel framework for autonomous and dynamic reconfiguration of robotic controllers using Digital Twin technology. Our approach leverages a virtual replica of the robot's operational environment to simulate and optimize movement trajectories in response to real-world changes. By recalculating paths and control parameters in the Digital Twin and deploying the updated code to the physical robot, our method ensures rapid and reliable adaptation without manual intervention. This work advances the integration of Digital Twins in robotics, offering a scalable solution for enhancing autonomy in smart, dynamic environments.

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### QuantumBench: A Benchmark for Quantum Problem Solving

Authors: Shunya Minami, Tatsuya Ishigaki, Ikko Hamamura, Taku Mikuriya, Youmi Ma, Naoaki Okazaki, Hiroya Takamura, Yohichi Suzuki, Tadashi Kadowaki
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.LG, quant-ph
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00092v1

Large language models are now integrated into many scientific workflows, accelerating data analysis, hypothesis generation, and design space exploration. In parallel with this growth, there is a growing need to carefully evaluate whether models accurately capture domain-specific knowledge and notation, since general-purpose benchmarks rarely reflect these requirements. This gap is especially clear in quantum science, which features non-intuitive phenomena and requires advanced mathematics. In this study, we introduce QuantumBench, a benchmark for the quantum domain that systematically examine how well LLMs understand and can be applied to this non-intuitive field. Using publicly available materials, we compiled approximately 800 questions with their answers spanning nine areas related to quantum science and organized them into an eight-option multiple-choice dataset. With this benchmark, we evaluate several existing LLMs and analyze their performance in the quantum domain, including sensitivity to changes in question format. QuantumBench is the first LLM evaluation dataset built for the quantum domain, and it is intended to guide the effective use of LLMs in quantum research.

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### Self-Improving Vision-Language-Action Models with Data Generation via Residual RL

Authors: Wenli Xiao, Haotian Lin, Andy Peng, Haoru Xue, Tairan He, Yuqi Xie, Fengyuan Hu, Jimmy Wu, Zhengyi Luo, Linxi "Jim" Fan, Guanya Shi, Yuke Zhu
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.RO
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00091v1

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) has become the de facto post-training strategy for large vision-language-action (VLA) models, but its reliance on costly human demonstrations limits scalability and generalization. We propose Probe, Learn, Distill (PLD), a three-stage plug-and-play framework that improves VLAs through residual reinforcement learning (RL) and distribution-aware data collection. In Stage 1, we train lightweight residual actors to probe failure regions of the VLA generalist. In Stage 2, we use a hybrid rollout scheme that aligns collected trajectories with the generalist's deployment distribution while capturing recovery behaviors. In Stage 3, we distill the curated trajectories back into the generalist with standard SFT. PLD achieves near-saturated 99% task success on LIBERO, over 50% gains in SimplerEnv, and 100% success on real-world Franka and YAM arm manipulation tasks. Ablations show that residual probing and distribution-aware replay are key to collecting deployment-aligned data that improves both seen and unseen tasks, offering a scalable path toward self-improving VLA models.

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### LeMiCa: Lexicographic Minimax Path Caching for Efficient Diffusion-Based Video Generation

Authors: Huanlin Gao, Ping Chen, Fuyuan Shi, Chao Tan, Zhaoxiang Liu, Fang Zhao, Kai Wang, Shiguo Lian
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00090v3

We present LeMiCa, a training-free and efficient acceleration framework for diffusion-based video generation. While existing caching strategies primarily focus on reducing local heuristic errors, they often overlook the accumulation of global errors, leading to noticeable content degradation between accelerated and original videos. To address this issue, we formulate cache scheduling as a directed graph with error-weighted edges and introduce a Lexicographic Minimax Path Optimization strategy that explicitly bounds the worst-case path error. This approach substantially improves the consistency of global content and style across generated frames. Extensive experiments on multiple text-to-video benchmarks demonstrate that LeMiCa delivers dual improvements in both inference speed and generation quality. Notably, our method achieves a 2.9x speedup on the Latte model and reaches an LPIPS score of 0.05 on Open-Sora, outperforming prior caching techniques. Importantly, these gains come with minimal perceptual quality degradation, making LeMiCa a robust and generalizable paradigm for accelerating diffusion-based video generation. We believe this approach can serve as a strong foundation for future research on efficient and reliable video synthesis. Our code is available at :https://github.com/UnicomAI/LeMiCa

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### Alpamayo-R1: Bridging Reasoning and Action Prediction for Generalizable Autonomous Driving in the Long Tail

Authors: NVIDIA, :, Yan Wang, Wenjie Luo, Junjie Bai, Yulong Cao, Tong Che, Ke Chen, Yuxiao Chen, Jenna Diamond, Yifan Ding, Wenhao Ding et al.
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.RO, cs.AI, cs.LG
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00088v2

End-to-end architectures trained via imitation learning have advanced autonomous driving by scaling model size and data, yet performance remains brittle in safety-critical long-tail scenarios where supervision is sparse and causal understanding is limited. We introduce Alpamayo-R1 (AR1), a vision-language-action model (VLA) that integrates Chain of Causation reasoning with trajectory planning for complex driving scenarios. Our approach features three key innovations: (1) the Chain of Causation (CoC) dataset, built through a hybrid auto-labeling and human-in-the-loop pipeline producing decision-grounded, causally linked reasoning traces aligned with driving behaviors; (2) a modular VLA architecture combining Cosmos-Reason, a vision-language model pre-trained for Physical AI, with a diffusion-based trajectory decoder that generates dynamically feasible trajectories in real time; (3) a multi-stage training strategy using supervised fine-tuning to elicit reasoning and reinforcement learning (RL) to enforce reasoning-action consistency and optimize reasoning quality. AR1 achieves up to a 12% improvement in planning accuracy on challenging cases compared to a trajectory-only baseline, with a 35% reduction in close encounter rate in closed-loop simulation. RL post-training improves reasoning quality by 45% and reasoning-action consistency by 37%. Model scaling from 0.5B to 7B parameters shows consistent improvements. On-vehicle road tests confirm real-time performance (99 ms latency) and successful urban deployment. By bridging interpretable reasoning with precise control, AR1 demonstrates a practical path towards Level 4 autonomous driving. Model weights are available at https://huggingface.co/nvidia/Alpamayo-R1-10B with inference code at https://github.com/NVlabs/alpamayo.

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### Adding New Capability in Existing Scientific Application with LLM Assistance

Authors: Anshu Dubey, Akash Dhruv
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.SE, cs.AI
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00087v1

With the emergence and rapid evolution of large language models (LLM), automating coding tasks has become an important research topic. Many efforts are underway and literature abounds about the efficacy of models and their ability to generate code. A less explored aspect of code generation is for new algorithms, where the training dataset would not have included any previous example of similar code. In this paper we propose a new methodology for writing code from scratch for a new algorithm using LLM assistance, and describe enhancement of a previously developed code-translation tool, Code-Scribe, for new code generation.

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### ThinkMorph: Emergent Properties in Multimodal Interleaved Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

Authors: Jiawei Gu, Yunzhuo Hao, Huichen Will Wang, Linjie Li, Michael Qizhe Shieh, Yejin Choi, Ranjay Krishna, Yu Cheng
Published: 2025-10-30
Categories: cs.CV
arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.27492v3

Multimodal reasoning requires iterative coordination between language and vision, yet it remains unclear what constitutes a meaningful interleaved chain of thought. We posit that text and image thoughts should function as complementary rather than isomorphic modalities that mutually advance reasoning. Guided by this principle, we build ThinkMorph, a unified model fine-tuned on approximately 24K high-quality interleaved reasoning traces spanning tasks with varying visual engagement. ThinkMorph learns to generate progressive text-image reasoning steps that concretely manipulate visual content while maintaining coherent verbal logic. It delivers large gains on vision-centric benchmarks (averaging 34.7 percent over the base model) and generalizes to out-of-domain tasks, matching or surpassing larger and proprietary VLMs. Beyond performance, ThinkMorph exhibits emergent multimodal intelligence, including unseen visual manipulation skills, adaptive switching between reasoning modes, and better test-time scaling through diversified multimodal thoughts. These findings suggest promising directions for characterizing the emergent capabilities of unified models for multimodal reasoning.

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